The AGM-12 Bullpup was an American air-to-ground and air-to-water missile from the Cold War period. Its first prototypes appeared in the mid 1950s, and mass production began in 1959 and continued until 1970. The AGM-12 was a missile with a range of 5,000 to 12,000 meters, capable of carrying a warhead weighing from 113 to 453 kg, and its total mass - depending on the version - ranging from 259 to 810 kg.
The AGM-12 Bullpup was created in response to the US Navy's post-Korean demand (1950-1953) for a missile capable of destroying surface targets from a distance safe for the carrier aircraft. The AGM-12 was originally based on a 113 kg bomb body, but a rocket engine and a guidance system were added to it. The latter was the line of sight guidance system and required constant eye contact of the operator with the target (the so-called MCLOS guidance). Several versions of the AGM-12 missile were developed in the course of serial production. The first to be produced on a large scale was the AGM-12A. The next version is AGM-12B, which had a liquid fuel drive, which allowed to increase the range and the transferred head. A version of the AGM-12D was also developed, which was planned to be equipped with a nuclear warhead W-45 with a capacity of up to 15 kT. Based on this version, the AGM-12C model was created, which had a conventional warhead. The last version of the AGM-12 missile was the E model with an anti-tank warhead. AGM-12 Bullpups were used by many American aircraft, including: A-4 Skyhawk, A-6 Intruder, A-7 Corsair II, F-8 Crusader and F-4 Phantom II. Missiles of this type were also used in Australia, Greece, Denmark, Norway, Turkey and Great Britain. They were used on a relatively large scale during the Vietnam War in 1964 / 1965-1975.
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